This article will take an in-depth look at barrels
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Barrels, made from plastic and metal, serve as cylindrical vessels designed for storing various liquids, solids, and powders, making them essential for shipping and warehousing needs. Their applications range widely from rainwater collecting to the transportation of fuel and oil. Traditionally, barrels were crafted from wood, reinforced with metal hoops, a method that's been relied upon for many centuries.
In modern times, the use of wooden barrels has diminished as more resilient materials like metal and plastic have taken precedence, providing enhanced strength and longer service lives. While "drum" and "barrel" have distinct historical backgrounds, these terms are now commonly used interchangeably. Historically, "drum" typically referred to the 55-gallon container, whereas "barrel" indicated a 42-gallon oil container. As their uses have diversified, these terms have evolved accordingly.
Plastic barrels are often produced using high-density polyethylene (HDPE), recognized for its impressive molecular weight and density. This material is strong, chemically inert, and can withstand both high and low pH environments. Barrels are integral to supply chains across transport, shipping, storage, and warehousing, with regulations from the U.S. government and the U.N. mandating specific codes to classify and identify them.
There are two primary types of barrels: closed head and open head. Open head barrels have removable lids, ideal for scenarios needing frequent access to the contents, such as the food and agriculture industries. Conversely, closed head barrels have sealed tops, usually for shipping liquids, with two access points located on the top for dispensing.
Plastic and metal barrels are indispensable in storage and transportation, capable of securely holding a wide variety of substances. When sealed correctly, they shield contents from environmental elements and contaminants. Selecting the appropriate barrel entails evaluating several criteria beyond contents, including size, shape, material composition, and intended usage.
The nature of the material to be stored or transported is pivotal in choosing a suitable barrel type. The properties of substances, whether corrosive, acidic, alkaline, liquid, or powdered, must be considered by manufacturers to ensure barrel integrity and safety.
Metal barrels, frequently referred to as steel or carbon steel barrels, often come with protective linings like phenolic coatings or rust inhibitors, preserving content quality. Such preventative measures make metal barrels a good fit for abrasive chemicals, such as inks, detergents, and lubricants.
Plastic barrels exhibit extensive versatility for drum packaging. Commonly crafted from HDPE or LDPE, these blue drums and other plastic forms are light-blocking, UV-resistant, and feature integrated colors. They are adept at storing a myriad of materials, including chemicals, pharmaceuticals, foods, beverages, cosmetics, electrical components, hardware, and household goods.
It is imperative to consider both the weight of contents and the barrel's weight during selection. Lighter contents can be accommodated by lighter barrels, while heavier loads may necessitate more robust, heavy-duty drums for safe and efficient handling.
"Open head" and "closed head" categorize barrels based on their lid types. Open-head barrels have detachable lids for easy filling and emptying, secured with clamps, seals, levers, or locks. Closed-head barrels, or tight-head drums, feature a fixed lid. If one needs to access such a drum, the lid must be forcibly removed, which might compromise its certification.
Once a closed-head drum's lid is forcibly removed, the drum is typically deemed fit only for disposal or incineration. Open-head steel drums are suitable for settings where rapid access to materials is necessary. Although they primarily contain solids or semi-solids and can handle liquids, they are more prone to spillage compared to closed-head counterparts. Closed-head barrels are engineered specifically for liquid containment, offering spill prevention with their tight seal barring a few access points.
Choosing a barrel pump requires close attention to the specific gravity and viscosity of the liquids involved. Some barrels incorporate taps for content access, potentially impacting the effectiveness of the output valves.
55-gallon drums are fabricated to endure specific thermal conditions. Understanding the maximum fluid temperature is vital to ensure that the drum can sustain its integrity under planned usage.
Budgeting is essential when procuring barrels. Price does not always equate to durability, making it necessary to strike a balance between cost and the requisite quality level.
Barrels come in an array of sizes and configurations, adapted to the products being shipped. Advances in high-density plastics have enabled diverse shapes and dimensions.
Standard HDPE barrel sizes include 55-gallon, 30-gallon, and 15-gallon varieties, with other dimensions available through special orders or specific manufacturers. Though the traditional largest size is 55 gallons, HDPE barrels can range up to 95 gallons. Barrel diameters vary too, with a 15-gallon drum typically around 14 inches wide and a 55-gallon drum broadening to about 23.3 inches.
Metal drums, akin to plastic variants, started with a focus on the 55-gallon size but now span a broader size range. Unlike plastic counterparts, they generally retain a cylindrical shape. They can also be equipped with accessories like mixing attachments, strainers, and heaters, enhancing utility.
Metal barrels are available from 5 gallons to 110 gallons, with popular increments being 8, 10, 16, and 20 gallons. An important aspect when selecting metal barrels is ensuring adequate pallet fit, which influences decisions based on the materials to be handled.
Metal barrels—also known as steel drums or metal drums—are constructed from high-quality carbon steel or stainless steel, with stainless steel options primarily chosen for shipping and storing corrosive or reactive chemicals. These industrial metal containers provide superior strength, durability, and resistance to impact, making them the preferred choice for transporting, mixing, dispensing, and storing a broad range of liquids and solids. Due to their robust construction, steel barrels are highly reusable, offering cost savings for producers before they are ultimately recycled at the end of their service life.
Carbon steel is composed mostly of iron with a carbon content ranging from 0.12% to 2%, directly impacting the steel's strength, hardness, and grade. By contrast, stainless steel barrels contain between 10.5% and 11% chromium plus other alloying elements, enhancing their chemical resistance and making them ideal for critical containment solutions in challenging environments. Common steel barrel manufacturing processes include cold rolling, annealing, and hardening, all aimed at increasing the vessel’s strength, longevity, and ability to withstand high internal pressure.
Carbon steel barrels are frequently used for shipping hazardous or regulated chemicals in industries such as chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, food processing, oil and gas, and wastewater management. The cold-rolled carbon steel variety is specifically valued for applications demanding elevated tensile strength, like those found in mining operations, the automotive industry, and defense. In comparison, stainless steel barrels are essential wherever superior corrosion resistance and sanitary conditions are mandatory, such as in food and beverage manufacturing, brewery operations, industrial chemical storage, and pharmaceutical production.
Within the food and beverage sector, metal barrels provide contamination-free storage for bulk liquids, edible oils, and concentrates. Their unmatched strength ensures safe transit and storage of sensitive products exposed to variable temperatures and impacts during shipping and handling. Importantly, metal barrels are UN-certified and approved for the transportation of hazardous materials like acetone, ethanol, methanol, and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that would otherwise degrade standard plastic containers.
Specially engineered metal barrels—often equipped with advanced seals and secure locking mechanisms—are used for transporting flammable, toxic, and hazardous waste materials destined for disposal or recycling. These industrial-grade containers maintain leak-proof performance, chemical resistance, and enhanced protection during handling and shipping. The durability and adaptability of metal barrels make them an ideal solution for bulk packaging, chemical distribution, storage of dangerous goods, and compliance with international shipping regulations.
When evaluating whether to use metal barrels for your application, consider factors such as the product's chemical compatibility, regulatory requirements for hazardous materials, need for clean or sterile processing, and demands for reusability or recycling. Working with an established metal barrel manufacturer ensures you receive drums that conform to industry standards and certifications.
Industrial plastic barrels, often referred to as poly drums, are fabricated from a variety of modern polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), nylon, and polystyrene. HDPE barrels, in particular, are highly sought after for their exceptional strength, flexibility, chemical resistance, and UV stability. Plastic barrels provide versatility and reliability for a wide array of storage and shipping applications, making them a staple in the supply chains of industries across the globe. Their lightweight construction reduces shipping costs, while resistance to corrosion ensures long-lasting performance and product integrity.
Plastic barrels—most commonly available as blue barrels due to the blue pigment’s superior ultraviolet (UV) light resistance—are utilized for tasks such as dispensing, mixing, filtration, transporting, and storage. They are available in multiple sizes, such as 55-gallon, 30-gallon, and 15-gallon capacities, accommodating everything from food products and drinking water to hazardous waste and chemicals. Common application examples include safe shipment of foodstuffs, edible oils, vinegar, pharmaceuticals, raw ingredients, agricultural products, rainwater collection, emergency water storage, and bulk dry goods. Environmental services and waste management companies often repurpose cleaned barrels for eco-friendly uses, such as composting bins and rain barrels.
The introduction of high-density plastic barrels has revolutionized transportation logistics, giving manufacturers and distributors flexible, low-cost options for safely moving products through global supply chains. Plastic drums feature a wide range of closure systems, including tight head (closed top) for liquids and open head (removable lid) for solids, each offering leak-proof and tamper-evident capabilities. Compliance with regulations related to food-grade storage, UN/DOT hazardous materials transportation, and industrial packaging standards is essential when selecting the appropriate plastic barrel type.
To ensure you select the ideal plastic barrel for your needs, assess material compatibility, required capacity, anticipated exposure to sunlight or extreme temperatures, and industry regulations. Leading plastic barrel manufacturers can provide expert guidance and access to customized solutions that optimize performance, compliance, and sustainability in your operations.
When choosing between metal and plastic barrels, key considerations include chemical compatibility, product sensitivity, environmental exposure, regulatory requirements, and total lifecycle costs. Each drum material type offers unique trade-offs for safety, longevity, and convenience. For personalized product recommendations, consult with trusted drum suppliers who offer a full range of steel barrels and plastic barrels to meet your industry-specific packaging needs.
Forming is a common method used in the production of metal barrels. Initially, the metal sheet used for each drum is processed through an edge grinder to smooth out any sharp edges. The sheets are then placed into a bender with a cylindrical mold, where they are curved and bent. Various welding techniques are employed next. The bent metal is fed into a spot welding machine, which welds multiple points along the edge of the sheet to form a tube. This tube is then fully seamed together using seam welding equipment, which welds across the entire connection of the sheet ends.
After the drum's body is formed, it undergoes a detailed manipulation process. During the flanging process, the drum is passed through a machine that adds flanges, creating rim indentations and edges on the top and bottom of the container. Following this, the barrel is processed by a bead expander, which stretches beads or rolling hoops around the circumference of the drum. These reinforcing hoops are made by rotating rods inside the barrel. Additionally, circumferential indentations are created along the top and bottom of each barrel using a corrugating machine to enhance the drum's strength and structure.
After the body of the container has been constructed to the specified standards, the bottom section of the container must now be made and then attached.
To ensure that the container does not leak, it is seamed. Next, the container must be completed by adding a top so it can stand alone. Drum bottoms and tops are manufactured in a similar manner. First, the drum tops need to be punched with holes of specified sizes and locations using a machine. The next step involves inserting flanges into these holes. Metal rings are bent inside the holes using a flange-fitting die set or mold machine. These apertures will later allow the drum contents to be emptied into or out of the container. Once completed, the top, equipped with flanged holes, is seamed to the body using a method similar to bottom seaming, resulting in a fully functional container. The steel barrel is now complete.
However, optional procedures are employed in the fabrication of steel drums depending on personal preferences and intended use. For example, each drum may be placed in a paint booth machine, where it is rotated and horizontally fed while being painted on the exterior by the machine.
Plastic blow molding technology is used to produce plastic barrels by blowing molten plastic into a die or mold. This method allows for the creation of various shapes without internal seams. Like steel drums, plastic barrels are typically formed in a cylindrical shape to facilitate rolling and handling. This round design avoids weak corners, although exposed and impact-prone areas may still be susceptible to cracking. The seamless construction of blow-molded barrels also helps prevent the growth of microorganisms in crevices. The range of sizes and shapes achievable through blow molding is virtually limitless. Materials commonly used for blow molding drums include thermoplastics such as acetal, polyamide, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, low or high-density polycarbonate, and polypropylene.
Blow molding can be performed in three methods: extrusion, injection, and injection stretch. Each method begins with melting resin or pellets to form a parison, a long plastic tube with a hole at one end. This parison is inserted into the mold cavity, open end first, and securely clamped to prevent air leakage. Compressed air is then used to inflate the parison, pressing it against the mold's sides. As the heated plastic expands, it fills the mold and takes on its shape. Once the plastic has cooled, the mold is opened to release the finished barrel. Any top and bottom protrusions from the barrel can be removed either automatically or manually.
The top cover of a closed-head barrel, also known as a tight-head drum, is non-detachable. Both the top and bottom of a plastic drum with a tight head are sealed. The top side of a closed-head drum, similar to the bottom, forms a durable seal as it is solidly integrated with the drum's body. Access to the contents of a closed-head drum is provided through a port known as a bung opening. These small openings are sealed with a bung or another sturdy stopper. Tight-head plastic drums are often considered more secure than open-head plastic drums due to their sealed nature.
Closed-head drums are ideal for storing low-viscosity liquids such as water, gasoline, crude oil, and other flammable and liquid combustibles. The two-inch bung is designed to accommodate appropriate pipe and pumping systems, ensuring secure loading and spill-free filling. Since closed-head drums are frequently used for storing hazardous liquids, they are typically UN-rated, feature the appropriate hazmat labeling, and must meet stringent regulations.
An open-head barrel, also known as an open-top drum, features a top cover or lid that is completely detachable. These drums can be sealed with a tight cover and fastenings for transport or storage, or they can be left open-topped without a lid. The top of the container serves as the entry point for filling and emptying.
Open-head barrels are designed to withstand the rigors of shipping and are built to endure harsh environments and continuous use. They are versatile and durable, suitable for both indoor and outdoor applications depending on the project’s requirements.
Due to their reliability and durability, open-head drums are commonly used for shipping and storage. They can be filled and emptied without the need for special tools or equipment and can be manually loaded or unloaded if necessary. Manufacturers often produce these drums in various colors for inventory purposes, and their smooth surfaces can be labeled to identify the contents.
Open-head barrels are used because they offer several advantages, including:
Taper-sided barrels are lighter and easier to handle compared to other types of drums. Their tapered design also allows for efficient nesting, simplifying storage. Open-headed taper-sided 55-gallon drums are commonly available in various colors, with blue being the most typical.
Stainless steel drums are becoming increasingly popular in the wine industry for creating, fermenting, maturing, and storing wine. New designs are specifically engineered to fit inside wine barrel racks.
Rain barrels are containers designed to collect rainwater that drips from roofs and downspouts. Although this collected water is not safe for consumption due to being non-potable, it is suitable for washing vehicles, cleaning outdoor surfaces, and watering gardens, lawns, and trees.
Rain barrels feature a simple design and are easy to use and place. Installing a basic rain barrel helps utilize soft rainwater, reduces reliance on public utility water, and promotes self-sufficiency. Additionally, rain barrels help reduce the volume and flow of runoff into sewer or stormwater systems by capturing and storing rainwater.
Metal barrels can be constructed from various materials, each with different strengths, making them suitable for storing a wide range of substances. Knowing the material to be stored is essential for selecting the appropriate type of barrel. Metal drums are commonly used for various purposes and are effective for both long-term storage and transportation. Some of their most common applications include:
It is essential to ensure that the barrels used can accommodate the materials they are intended to hold, as plastic barrels come in various grades, strengths, and capacities. Additionally, approved polymers are required for storing chemicals and other hazardous materials.
Steel barrels are one of the most widely used industrial storage solutions today, offering numerous advantages to organizations. Some of these benefits are outlined below.
Steel drums or metal barrels are known for their strength and durability. They are particularly effective at preventing damage to or contamination of the items stored inside. Steel barrels are versatile and suitable for holding a wide range of materials, from pharmaceuticals to hazardous waste.
In the food and beverage supply chain, steel barrels remain a popular choice due to their durability. They help safeguard and keep food products fresh, especially when used with drum liners. It is important to ensure that the steel barrel is certified as "food grade" and has not previously contained potentially hazardous substances before storing food products.
Steel barrels are excellent for storing items due to their ease of maintenance and simplicity of use. In fact, with proper care and attention, including regular cleaning, a steel drum can last for decades.
Steel barrels should be cleaned after each use, but don't worry—they are easy to maintain. After emptying, you can clean them with standard cleaning supplies, depending on the contents they held.
Steel barrels are highly reusable because they are easy to clean and maintain. By extending their use, you can reduce operating costs and support environmental sustainability. Additionally, at the end of their long lifespan, steel barrels can be fully utilized or disassembled and recycled into new barrels.
Metal barrels provide protection against physical damage, airborne contaminants, moisture, UV rays, and pests when securely sealed. For added defense, you can apply waterproof coverings, UV-resistant coatings, or other protective layers, especially if the barrels are stored outdoors.
Metal barrels can be customized extensively to simplify storage, handling, and shipping over long distances. For example, many barrels feature sturdy handles that enable easy movement without heavy equipment.
Steel drums can also be equipped with various accessories. The most common is a drum liner, which fits inside the barrel to prevent contamination between the stored product and the steel.
Metal barrels are designed for industrial use and are built to be stackable. While they are large and heavy when filled, they can be easily lifted and moved with equipment like forklifts. Their stackable design allows for efficient storage in warehouses and easy transportation in trucks, helping to save space, time, and money.
Plastic barrels are more lightweight and portable compared to metal drums. Below are some additional advantages of using plastic barrels.
Plastic is a highly durable and resilient material. Plastic barrels are made from strong materials that extend their lifespan. They resist weathering, temperature fluctuations, and damp or humid conditions. Additionally, plastic is resistant to ultraviolet radiation, making outdoor storage feasible. The robust seal of plastic drums ensures they remain leak-proof and secure during storage and transport. The strength and durability of plastic set it apart from other materials.
Plastic barrels can be customized to accommodate various substances and are mass-produced in multiple sizes, offering excellent value.
Another advantage is that recycled plastic barrels help reduce landfill waste. With numerous applications, plastic barrels can be repurposed, significantly mitigating one aspect of the growing waste management challenge.
The polymers used in plastic barrels are inert and resistant to both low and high pH levels. This makes them an ideal choice for storing and transporting chemicals and other potentially volatile materials.
Plastic barrels are cost-effective, which has contributed to their popularity. They quickly gained favor due to their affordability and practicality compared to glass, metal, or other materials. Additionally, plastic barrels can endure years of use without showing signs of wear or damage.
Sustainability refers to the ability to preserve and maintain our way of life for future generations. Plastic barrels exemplify this concept as they can be repurposed and reused in numerous ways after their initial industrial use. Unlike steel and aluminum, which require complex and time-consuming recycling processes, plastic can be easily recycled and converted into plastic pellets by shredding. This makes plastic barrels a more sustainable choice compared to other materials.
An emerging industry focuses on repurposing, reconditioning, and refurbishing discarded drums that have outlived their industrial use. Despite no longer serving their original purpose, these drums remain sturdy and viable. The repurposing process involves a series of detailed steps to ensure the drums are safely adapted for new applications.
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