This Article takes an In-depth look at Storage 55 Gallon Drums
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The 55 gallon drum came into existence over a hundred years ago during the early discovery of oil. At the time, methods used to transport crude were not sufficient to meet the growing demand and bulk transport was limited to water or railways. The problem of how to move large amounts of oil in a safe and efficient way perplexed engineers until a newspaper woman and owner of Clad Manufacturing, Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman, aka Nellie Bly, designed and patented a ribbed steel barrel with enough capacity to carry large amounts of crude safely.
The early history of the 55-gallon drum is closely tied to the oil industry, as it was initially designed solely for oil transport. It wasn’t until World War I that the drum found another critical use, as the need to ship sulfuric acid to Europe arose. The existing steel drums, however, were insufficient for this purpose due to their thin construction, leading to hazardous leaks. Charles Draper addressed this problem by inventing a technique to double-seal 12-gauge steel, creating a drum that could safely contain acids. This innovation not only saved the war effort but also set a new standard in liquid transport that remains in use to this day.
The terms "drum" and "barrel" are often used interchangeably, although they have distinct origins. "Barrel" traditionally refers to a unit of measure for oil, while "drum" is more commonly used in an industrial context. To add to the confusion, a drum is typically defined as a cylindrical object that can be struck to produce sound, whereas a barrel is usually wider in the middle, resembling a vat. However, when it comes to storage and shipping, both terms refer to the same type of container, a definition widely accepted across industries.
The three basic materials for the manufacture of drums, or barrels, are steel, plastic, or paperboard or fiber board. Carbon, stainless, and cold-rolled steels are the most common metals though there are other less used varieties. Some of the varieties of polymers for the manufacture of plastic 55 gallon drums are polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and HDPE. Dense thick fiberboard is the main material for cardboard or fiberboard drums.
Stainless steel, used to make 55 gallon drums, is a special type of alloyed steel that contains chromium and other alloys to increase its hardness. The combination of steel, chromium, and alloys determines the grade of stainless steel and its usage. The most common grades used in manufacturing are 304 and 316 where grade 304 has exceptionally high tensile strength and grade 316 has high resistant chlorides.
Steel drums are manufactured using roll forming and welding processes. In roll forming, steel sheets are shaped into rings by passing them through pairs of roller dies positioned above and below the sheets. As the sheets move through the roll forming machine, the rollers bend them along their linear axis. Once the sheets are formed into ring shapes, a base is welded onto one or both ends of the drum body.
Blow molding is used to produce plastic drums where molten plastic resin is shaped into a parison, a tube-like plastic piece with a hole at one end for compressed air to pass. The blow mold machine pushes a metal ram into the parison expanding it until it reaches the shape of the finished drum. A blow pin forces air pressure inside the parison making it a balloon to fit the shape of the mold cavity. The formed drum is cooled by cold water run through the mold cavity or the evaporation of volatile fluids.
Fiber drums are manufactured on a production line that includes body makers, ring fixing, lid fixing, and disc cutting machines. Additional reinforcement is provided by welded steel rings at the base of the drum, a quarter way up from the bottom, and a quarter way down from the top. These reinforcing rings, or corrugations, strengthen the sides of the barrel to prevent denting or puncturing.
All 55-gallon drums or barrels are produced with either an open or closed lid. The open lid variety has a removable lid made of steel, tin, aluminum, or other materials. Closed lid drums are completely sealed, with one or two openings, or bungs, for venting and dispensing.
The 55 gallon drum has become the industry's container of choice due to its portability and capacity. Industries such as petroleum, chemical processing, food and beverage, pharmaceutical, hazardous waste collection, wastewater treatment, and agriculture rely on them for shipping and storing. Their flexibility and adaptability make them perfect for oil, solvents, chemicals, various food products, and a wide expansive array of other uses.
For inventory and storage purposes, as well as identification ofthe contents, 55 gallon drums can be easily labeled, color coded, have branding imprinted, and be adorned with elaborate decorative designs. One or multiple bung holes can be added to customize it for a specific purpose. Though covers for 55 gallon drums are generally made of steel similar to the drum, there are other types of metal or fabrics that can be added.
A 55-gallon drum has a capacity of 44 British Imperial gallons, 200 liters, or 55 U.S. gallons. The drum's diameter is 22.5 inches (57.15 cm) with a height of 33.5 inches (85 cm), providing a total volume capacity of 58 gallons or 218.4 liters. These standardized dimensions are crucial for fitting drum pumps, mounting blending equipment, and efficiently positioning drums on pallets and pallet racks. While metal drums are generally very sturdy, additional reinforcement may be added to ensure extra safety during handling.
A barrel is a cylindrical container that holds or transports liquids, solids or powders. Traditionally, barrels have been made of wood, but modern barrels are also routinely made of metal or plastic. The word "barrel" is often used interchangeable with "drum," and the two are almost identical. 30 gallon barrels are barrels of medium size, and they have use in many industries, depending on their composition. 30 gallon barrels are barrels of medium size, and they have use in many industries, depending on their composition.
Barrels are customizable to meet various needs. For example, plastic 30-gallon barrels can be equipped with wheels, making them ideal for use in spill kits and salvaging. These plastic barrels can also be produced in a variety of colors, which helps with differentiation and identification. Additionally, 30-gallon barrels can be ordered with accessories such as covers, recycling lids, steel drums, safety funnels, inspection lights, heaters, measures, and gauges.
30-gallon drums are medium-sized industrial containers, often referred to as barrels. These cylindrical containers are commonly used for shipping and storing liquids and powders. They are typically made from steel, dense paperboard (fiber), or plastics. 30-gallon drums are versatile and find applications in various industries, including lawn and garden, food, disaster and emergency planning, aviation, defense, automotive, and laboratory research.
Aside from their base materials, 30 gallon drums have many variable features and accessories that further specify their uses and capabilities. Plastic, steel and stainless steel drums may have either an open top or a closed top. An open top may be completely separate and removable, or it may still be attached. Open top drums may come with bolt rings, rubber gaskets or quick lock technology to aid in their reliability and prevent spillage. Closed top drums feature one or two openings to pour and vent drum contents, which can be closed with a stopper called a bung.
Among the most versatile industrial drums are 30 gallon plastic drums. These drums, generally made from high-density polyethylene or polyethylene resin plastic, are built to withstand the outdoor elements and a wide range of temperatures and weights. Their source materials may be manipulated to pass FDA standards for food or pharmaceutical storage. 30 gallon plastic drums may be used at parks or in public spaces for garbage disposal or recycling. A customer may even order plastic recycling lids to convert his or her drum into a receptacle appropriate for festivals, carnivals and other crowded outdoor events. These may also be used by survivalists to store materials or collect rain as water barrels.
Thirty-gallon steel drums can be customized in various ways. One of the primary customizations involves different lining styles. For example, an unlined interior may feature plain steel or steel treated with a rust inhibitor. Internal linings come in a wide range, including options like phenolic coatings and epoxy-phenolic coatings from specialty suppliers. In addition to linings, 30-gallon steel drums also offer liner options, which can be ordered as accessories. Round bottom or molded liners are recommended for open-top steel drums. Made from clear, low-density polyethylene plastic, round bottom liners conform to the drum's shape, creating a seal without gathering in the creases. These liners are ideal for drums used in bulk processing and packaging of food, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, adhesives, sealants, coatings, and powdered products.
Molded liners used by 30-gallon steel drums are also made from low-density polyethylene, available in either smooth or accordion styles. Smooth liners are designed for full product recovery, while accordion liners can be adjusted to different heights. These molded liners feature a lip that secures them in place against the drum, making them ideal for high-stress applications such as high-speed mixing and pumping of viscous materials, as they resist bending or cracking.
55-gallon drums are cylindrical containers designed for shipping bulk goods. With a nominal capacity of 55 gallons, these large, cylindrical industrial containers are primarily used for shipping and storage. As one of the oldest types of containers, 55-gallon drums are mainly employed for transporting and storing bulk goods, most commonly liquids.
These drums find extensive use across various industries, including petroleum, chemical processing, food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, hazardous waste collection, wastewater treatment, and agriculture. Due to their substantial capacity and stackability, 55-gallon drums are an efficient choice for bulk cargo. Additionally, drums and barrels are considered sustainable, as they are often reused and repurposed in diverse and creative ways, reinforcing their reputation as eco-friendly packaging.
Barrel manufacturers offer products with both major types of barrel tops, the open top and the welded top. Open top barrels have lids that are either hinged or fully removable, while welded top barrels have, as their name suggests, lids that are welded to them. Other variable features that barrel manufacturers offer include reinforcing rings called chimes, bung holes, mechanical ring clamps and internal coatings. The standard international barrel size is 55 gallons, or 44 imperial gallons. In the US, barrel manufacturers sell 30 gallon drums as well.
Before purchasing or ordering industrial barrels, potential customers should ensure they are aware of all relevant standards and regulations associated with their application. For instance, if shipping material from within the United States to another country, customers need to be familiar with performance and construction regulations set by the UN, the destination country, and the carrier being used. By having this knowledge, customers will be better positioned to work with barrel manufacturers to find the appropriate solution for their needs.
A burn barrel is a specific type of drum designed for waste and garbage disposal. It is typically made from steel and has been adjusted, configured, and shaped for burning flammable materials like paper products and yard waste. Burn barrels are most commonly used in remote areas with limited access to waste disposal services or dump sites.
Although the concept of Burn barrels seems to be convenient and easy, there are several factors that have to be considered when initiating the use of a burn barrel, the most notable of which is the materials that can be burned. Additionally, the use of burn barrels is covered under state, city, and county regulations regarding air pollution and fire safety. Burn barrels are made from 55 gallon metal barrels that have been cleansed of toxic or harmful substances. They can be purchased ready for use or be a part of a DIY project.
There are important safety features that must be followed when using a burn barrel. A standard burn barrel typically has several holes drilled near the bottom of the sides to allow for upward air flow. If using a sealed 55-gallon drum with a lid, holes should also be drilled in the lid. In cases where the barrel does not have a lid, a tight metal mesh should be placed over the top to prevent ignited materials from escaping.
Shaping the burn barrel is the first step in preparing it for use. The placement of the barrel is also crucial and should be several yards away from any structures. The foundation or platform for the burn barrel, such as bricks, cinder blocks, or other solid, non-flammable supports, should be four to six inches high to ensure proper air flow.
Additional preparations include placing the burn barrel on a flat, level surface to prevent tipping or shifting during use. The ground around the burn barrel should be cleared to create a solidly packed dirt circle with a diameter of ten to twelve feet. Once the materials are ignited, users should remain outside of this circle.
All structures should be located at least thirty feet or ten yards away from the burn barrel. As a safety measure, fire retardants, water, sand, or other extinguishing materials should be kept inside the cleared circle for quick and easy access.
Regulations regarding the use of burn barrels also include guidelines for filling them. For safety, burn barrels should only be filled halfway, with the largest items placed on the bottom and smaller, lighter materials on top. Overfilling the barrel can cause burning debris to be blown away. Waste waiting to be burned should be placed ten yards away from the barrel. Allow the contents to burn completely before reloading.
To light a burn barrel, drop a match onto the light flammable material at the top of the loaded waste. A long-stemmed lighter, like those used for lighting fireplaces and barbecues, is the preferred method. Accelerants such as gasoline, kerosene, or lighter fluid are not recommended and should be avoided. Lighting a burn barrel may require multiple attempts, with each try following the same safety steps and requiring patience.
Properly selecting materials for burning is a crucial part of using a burn barrel. Waste should be separated and categorized by combustibility. Plastics, fertilizers, detergents, coated boxes, paint cans, and any materials containing chemicals should be avoided entirely. These materials should be collected and disposed of at an appropriate waste disposal facility.
State and county ordinances often provide lists of items suitable for burn barrel disposal and can address any questions. It is strongly recommended that users adhere to these regulations for safety. Burn barrels can be an effective solution for waste disposal when used with the proper precautions.
Fiber drums, also known as cardboard drums, are commonly used for storing and shipping various products, including food items, liquids, and solids. They provide a cost-effective alternative to more expensive steel and plastic drums and barrels, with the added advantage of being recyclable in the same manner as other cardboard products.
The benefits for using fiber drums beyond the reduced costs and the possibility of recycling include the lightweight property of paperboard. When compared to the weight of stainless steel and even plastic drums, fiber drums offer a much lighter alternative, and for many shipping purposes, lighter weight materials will result in lower shipping costs. They are still durable products and many manufacturers will put fiber drums through similarly rugged testing procedures as other types of drums in order to ensure their structural soundness. Unlike other metal drums, there is no danger of fiberboard corroding and therefore it is safe to use for extended periods of storage.
Metal drums are large, cylindrical containers formed from metallic materials that are used to store or transport liquids or solids, although liquids are much more common. The most common type of metal used in manufacturing industrial drums is steel and it is rare that a different metal would be used. The three main types of steel used to fabricate drums are carbon steel, stainless steel and cold rolled steel. Carbon steel is steel that has carbon as the primary alloying constituent, and the properties of the metal are determined by how much carbon it contains. Although carbon steel is generally fairly corrosion resistant, stainless steel is more so due to the addition of a minimum amount of chromium, typically 10.5 – 11%. Cold rolled steel is steel that has undergone a cold hardening process in which the steel is rolled at room temperature in order to preserve its original crystalline structure.
Each type of steel is best suited for specific industries and applications: for example, carbon steel is commonly used in handling hazardous chemicals within chemical processing, pharmaceutical, petrochemical, and wastewater industries; stainless steel is ideal for sanitary applications and those requiring high corrosion resistance, such as in the food and beverage, industrial manufacturing, and construction sectors; and cold-rolled steel is preferred in industries requiring very high tensile strength, such as mining and defense.
Industrial plastic drums are made from highly durable plastics, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), nylon, and polystyrene, which are high density plastics capable of withstanding constant handling. Plastic drums are lightweight, flexible and resistant to the effects of solvents, diluted acids, alkalis, and alcohol. They are the preferred choice for shipping food products and chemicals due to their low cost and ability to withstand all environmental conditions.
The manufacturing processes for plastic drums include blow molding, injection molding, and rotational molding, all of which utilize plastic pellets or resin. Although these methods differ in how they shape the plastic, they all start by melting plastic pellets into a molten state. The key differences among the processes lie in how the molten material is formed into the final product.
Rotational molding is typically used for producing large plastic drums. The process begins by placing molten plastic into a mold that shapes the drum. The mold is then heated and rotated, which distributes the molten plastic evenly across the mold's walls. The duration of the rotation depends on the desired thickness and shape of the drum, with thicker sides requiring more time. Once the correct shape and thickness are achieved, the mold is cooled, and the drum is ejected.
Blow molding, like rotational molding, starts with molten plastic. In this method, the plastic is melted and extruded to create a parison, which is a long tube of plastic. The parison is clamped between two halves of a mold shaped like the drum. The bottom end of the parison is sealed, while a small hole is left at the top. Compressed air is then injected through the small hole, forcing the plastic to expand against the mold's walls. After the plastic cools and solidifies, the drum is removed from the mold.
Injection molding involves an extruder that melts the plastic pellets by pushing them through the barrel of the extruder using a screw. The screw's movement forces the molten plastic towards a die at the barrel's end. The process increases pressure on the molten plastic, which is then injected into a die shaped like a plastic drum. Once the plastic cools, the drum is ejected and finished.
Plastic drums are available in a wide range of sizes, from small ten-gallon drums to larger ones that hold 70 or 80 gallons. They are known for their reliability and durability and are widely used across various industries as alternatives to steel or metal drums.
Steel barrels are commonly utilized for a range of applications, including mixing, storing, dispensing, and filtering both liquid and solid materials. These barrels are typically constructed from either carbon steel or stainless steel, making them highly durable and cost-effective. Their robust construction allows manufacturers to reuse the same drum multiple times, and when it has reached the end of its lifespan, it can be recycled, further enhancing its value and sustainability.
Due to their sealed and durable exteriors, certain barrels may be specifically designed to carry flammable, toxic and otherwise hazardous waste materials in order to dispose of them or relocate them to an area in which they may be used. Steel barrels are used to ensure that the materials are not leaked or exposed at any point along their transportation route. Any number of liquids or solids, or a combination of the two may be stored or transported in steel barrels.
Steel drums are a type of industrial drum, or barrel, named after the material with which they are made. Specifically, a steel drum may be made either from stainless steel, which is alloyed with chromium, or regular carbon steel. Steel drums, also known as 55-gallon drums are used both for transportation and storage, though, most often, they are used for the former. They are utilized by a wide range of industries, for which they transport and store a variety of liquids, solids, gasses, and powders. Most steel drums used in industrial manufacturing must meet not only UN regulation standards, but the US Department of Transportation (DOT) regulation standards as well.
Drums classified as 7A Type A are specifically tested and evaluated for the safe handling of radioactive materials. These drums are available in sizes of 10 gallons, 85 gallons, and 110 gallons, and are typically made from carbon steel or stainless steel. To achieve the DOT 7A Type A classification, these drums undergo rigorous testing procedures, including pressure spray, free drop, penetration, and stacking tests.
DOT 7A Type A drums are designed to provide shielding for confined small quantities of Class 7 radioactive materials. They are subject to strict regulations and are categorized into four classes based on the amount of radioactive material they are intended to contain.
As the danger of the radioactive material increases, the drum must be more robust and durable.
Type A drums feature a sealed inner container made from stainless steel or carbon steel, encased in an outer container constructed from fiberboard or plastic. According to DOT specifications, Type A drums are tested under various conditions, including heavy rainfall, impacts from drops, stacking pressure, and puncture or penetration tests. Although 7A Type A drums are used to contain radioactive materials, they are designed to hold quantities that do not pose a significant risk to the environment or health.
Radioactive material is defined as any substance with an activity level exceeding 0.002 microcuries per gram. This includes radio-pharmaceuticals, medical isotopes, radioactive waste, and materials used in industrial applications. The DOT mandates stringent compliance with these regulations, and producers and manufacturers rigorously adhere to these standards.
Lever locks offer a convenient solution for opening storage drums, providing a secure seal when locked and easy access when unlocked. They are ideal for applications requiring frequent access to drums under non-critical conditions.
A lever lock features a large, round metal ring with a latch attached to one side. Various designs exist to accommodate different drum types. Some designs include an internal mechanism that locks by compressing the ring, while others use an external bracket where a metal loop attached to a handle is secured to form a tight lock.
The popularity of lever locks stems from their reliability, versatility, ease of installation, and durability. While commonly used on storage drums, they are also applicable to other round containers such as paint cans and buckets. Lever locks are made from various metals, with options for spray painting or baked-on coatings, and can be customized for specific needs.
Lever locks are typically used with lids that have an attached gasket. For proper installation, ensure the gasket is securely placed. The lever lock should be open while positioning the ring over the drum lid. Once the ring is in place, close the lever lock to tightly secure the lid.
Lever locks help prevent spills and escapes by sealing the drum's lid and can also serve as a security measure, with options for adding padlocks or other locking mechanisms. Although not intended for critical material storage, they provide effective security for many applications.
Salvage drums are specifically designed to contain hazardous materials that have been packed in damaged, defective, or leaking drums or containers. When a leak or damage occurs, the affected drums are placed inside a salvage drum along with cushioning or absorbent materials if necessary. Once securely enclosed, the contents are ready for safe shipment. To be classified as a salvage drum, they must comply with DOT and UN regulations for handling leaked dangerous materials.
For a salvage drum to receive approval, it must undergo testing according to UN standards 1A2, 1B2, 1N2, or 1H2 and be marked for packing group III, indicating minor danger, or meet higher standards for liquids and solids. The drum must include cushioning or absorbent materials that prevent movement of the damaged packaging and ensure a tight closure. Additionally, the drum should be marked with the name of the dangerous material, its hazard class, and other relevant information in Roman print. The word “SALVAGE” must be printed on the drum in letters that are 12 mm (0.5 inch) high.
Salvage drums are constructed from heavy-duty plastic or steel and come in sizes ranging from 20 to 100 gallons. When selecting a salvage drum, it is crucial to ensure that it fits the dimensions of the material being contained. Plastic salvage drums are typically bright yellow, while steel salvage drums are usually a darker yellow with red or yellow covers.
An overpack drum is made from highly durable materials and is designed to contain a smaller drum inside it, providing extra protection and safety. Unlike salvage drums, which are used for damaged or leaking containers, overpack drums are intended for intact containers without damage, leaks, holes, or defects. They serve as an additional safety measure for transporting various materials, including those that are toxic or poisonous.
While overpack drums can function similarly to salvage drums, they are not classified as salvage drums. Although some overpack drums may meet the criteria for salvage use, they are distinct in their primary function. Salvage drums are a specific type of overpack drum designed for handling containers with leaks or damage, operating under similar principles but with different regulatory requirements.
TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) overpack drums must pass the same rigorous UN tests as salvage drums, including UN test 1A2. They are also required to withstand a 15 psi hydrostatic pressure and comply with Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 45, which covers human protection. The DOT and UN have designated 218 hazardous materials as TIH/PIH substances, which must be shipped in overpack drums.
TIH overpack drums come in various shapes and sizes, primarily made from high-density plastic or steel. To meet UN and DOT standards, steel overpack drums must have a top with a tight seal, such as a bolt ring or lever lock. Plastic drums can feature screw-on tops, lever locks, or bolt locks to ensure secure connections.
Seamless crevice-free nitric drums are specially designed to handle highly volatile and dangerous substances such as nitric acid. These drums are manufactured to meet stringent regulations and standards for the safe transportation of nitric acid, ensuring both customer and environmental safety.
Nitric acid, which is transported in concentrations ranging from 65% to 75% and 95% to 98%, requires specialized drums due to its corrosive and hazardous nature. Seamless crevice-free nitric drums are typically made from stainless steel grades 316L and 304, known for their low corrosion rates. These drums are approved for transporting concentrations up to 65% to 75%. For higher concentrations, additional studies and analyses regarding the concentration, temperature, metal composition, and transport conditions are necessary, often necessitating specially designed drums.
Nitric acid is highly toxic, extremely corrosive, and a powerful oxidizing agent that can become explosive or flammable when interacting with other compounds. Seamless crevice-free nitric drums are engineered to resist oxidation and the corrosive effects of nitric acid. They feature seamless bottoms, crevice-free interiors, and rust inhibitor linings to ensure maximum durability and safety during transport.
Seamless process drums are crafted with smooth sides and no crevices, which helps prevent the accumulation of bacteria. Designed for storing pharmaceutical products, food processing materials, and personal care products, these drums feature straight sides and smooth interiors. They can be securely sealed with a bolt ring or lever lock over a lid equipped with a cover gasket to ensure a tight seal.
To produce seamless process drums, raw metal is spun to align its grain structure through repeated passes and tool work, which increases the material's hardness. During the manufacturing process, metals are annealed to enhance the drums' properties. The seamless design of these drums minimizes product contamination and reduces cleaning time.
Seamless process drums are highly durable and meet both domestic and international regulations. They are engineered to prevent contamination of their contents and inhibit bacterial growth. Adhering to the highest sanitary standards, seamless process drums are thicker, heavier, and stronger than traditional industrial drums. Their lids are secured with bolt locks and lever locks to ensure a tight, even seal.
Used drums, whether plastic or steel, can be reconditioned to ensure they are suitable for repeated use. During drum reconditioning, the drum is generally not altered with new materials or parts, except for replacing the lid if necessary. In contrast, remanufactured drums undergo a more comprehensive process, involving significant changes to many aspects of the old drum to restore it to a like-new condition.
More cost-effective than newly manufactured drums, used drums are utilized in wide-spread industries such as: industrial manufacturing, for storage and transport of various chemicals required for machinery and manufacturing processes; automotive and aerospace, for material handling of oils and other chemicals required for proper maintenance and functioning of vehicles; medical and pharmaceutical, for material handling of potentially hazardous materials; and food and beverage, for proper sanitary handling of food and liquids of various viscosities.
With growing environmental concerns, companies are finding ways to repurpose, recondition, and reusing discarded 55 gallon drums that no longer have industrial use. Even though they are no longer useful as shipping and storage containers, they are still viable and sturdy enough for other uses. After proper cleaning and remanufacturing, discarded 55 gallon drums are used as trash bins, rain barrels, compost bins, horse feeders, deer feeders, horse racing barrels, flotation devices, and burn barrels.
Used 55-gallon drums must adhere to specific standards and be properly labeled before being contributed or sold. Markers on the sides of the drums indicate their previous use, with descriptors such as “food grade,” “non-food grade,” “open top,” “closed top,” “hazardous waste,” or “tight head.” These labels identify the drum's previous contents and serve as crucial safety measures for those repurposing the drum.
The initial step in evaluating used 55-gallon drums involves assessing their condition and classifying them as reusable, non-reusable, or suitable for crushing. This classification is based on the drum's physical state. Drums that have held chemicals, adhesives, surfactants, or other hard-to-clean substances are categorized as non-reusable. Additionally, drums with holes, cracks, or significant damage are also deemed non-reusable. Although these damaged drums may not be suitable for reconditioning, their metal content can potentially be recycled.
For 55-gallon drums that previously stored volatile, hazardous, or unsafe substances, specialized companies offer reconditioning and refurbishing services. These drums undergo rigorous inspection and evaluation, as the reconditioning process is both time-consuming and costly. Reconditioning companies assess whether a drum is suitable for processing and employ precise methods to sanitize, clean, and decontaminate the drums effectively.
When making the decision to purchase or receive a used 55 gallon drum, it is best to research the company or person. Professional reconditioners are the best choice since they have years of experience and know how. Taking a drum from a landfill or dump site is irresponsible, dangerous, and should be avoided.
Although it might be tempting to undertake the reconditioning or refurbishing of a 55-gallon drum as a DIY project, several important factors should be considered. These drums are used for a wide range of applications, from storing granular materials to containing caustic and hazardous chemicals. Attempting to refurbish a 55-gallon drum with household methods and chemicals is not advisable. The process requires specialized knowledge and equipment to ensure safety and effectiveness, making it best left to professionals.
Used drums, whether plastic or steel, often undergo reconditioning to make them suitable for repeated use. In drum reconditioning, the drum is typically cleaned and inspected, with only minimal changes, such as replacing the lid, if necessary. In contrast, remanufactured drums go through a more extensive process, involving significant modifications and replacement of many parts to restore the drum to a near-new condition.
More cost-effective than newly manufactured drums, used drums are utilized in wide-spread industries such as: industrial manufacturing, for storage and transport of various chemicals required for machinery and manufacturing processes; automotive and aerospace, for material handling of oils and other chemicals required for proper maintenance and functioning of vehicles; medical and pharmaceutical, for material handling of potentially hazardous materials; and food and beverage, for proper sanitary handling of food and liquids of various viscosities.
Reusing plastic barrels not only saves money, it helps the environment by making use of the "Three R‘s" of the EPA: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. Used plastic barrels may be ordered online, or found in person at bulk suppliers. Such suppliers are often found in rural areas, where customers may be interested in using their barrels for bulk storage of such items as feed and sap. They may also serve as feed barrels for deer, horses or other animals. Used plastic barrels are a wonderful resource for rainwater collection and harvesting.
Water barrels or rain barrels, are used to collect and store water from runoff through ductwork mounted on the roofs of buildings. They are constructed of plastics, such as high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene, which are the most common materials, and metals such as aluminum and steel.
Water barrels are a practical solution for capturing rainwater that flows from a building's roof into the gutter system. Typically holding between 40 and 60 gallons (151 to 227 liters), these barrels store rainwater for later use. The stored water is accessed as needed for various purposes.
Utilizing water barrels is both economical and environmentally friendly. They help reduce water consumption, which can lower utility bills, and they make use of a natural resource by conserving rainwater that would otherwise contribute to runoff and be diverted to storm drains.
Rainwater collected in barrels can be employed for a range of applications, including washing vehicles, watering plants, topping off swimming pools, and cleaning windows. Since rainwater is untreated, it lacks chlorine, lime, and calcium, making it suitable for these uses. It is estimated that a water barrel can save a homeowner approximately 1,300 gallons of water annually.
Water barrels come in various sizes and materials. Plastic barrels are commonly used due to their resistance to corrosion and rust, as well as their durability. However, reconditioned used plastic or steel barrels can be a cost-effective alternative. Aluminum water barrels are also available, offering a lightweight, sturdy, and durable option.
Thirty gallon barrels/drums are medium sized and used by several industries for a variety of purposes. The ancient and original wooden version is still used to store or transport liquids such as wine, beer, or liquor, and is important for the fermentation and aging of various types of alcohol. Stainless steel is gradually replacing wood since it is more economical, environmentally safe, corrosion resistant, and impermeable.
Plastic and metal 30 gallon drums are used by industries such as lawn and garden, food storage and distribution, aviation, emergency planning, and defense and laboratory research. Made of various forms of polymer resin, 30 gallon plastic drums are perfect for any form of weather conditions, can store hazardous chemicals, are dent resistant, and can be treated with coatings like UV inhibitors for storage of hazardous materials.
The classic 30 gallon drum is made of steel and able to withstand years of wear with little deterioration or damage. Normally lined with either a protective spray coating or plastic, they can haul or store almost anything from farm fertilizers to construction materials. Unlined drums can be plain steel or sprayed with a rust repellent. Round bottom or molded liners are made from clear, low-density polyethylene plastic and shape themselves to the drum creating a seamless creaseless seal.
Metal 30 gallon drums are made from carbon or stainless steel and can hold a variety of materials due to their resistance to corrosion and ability to withstand extreme temperatures making them ideal for storing volatile chemicals and aviation fuel. For safe handling of flammable materials, drum bung spanners, tab seal removers, tilting levers, or drum trolleys are useful. Thirty gallon barrels of any type of material can be equipped with wheels for use with spill kits and salvaging.
Thirty-gallon plastic drums are available in various colors to aid in the classification, inventorying, and organization of materials. Naturally, they are clear, allowing easy visibility of the contents. For optimal storage, these plastic drums often feature seamless round bottom liners that fit snugly and uniformly, minimizing waste and protecting the drum lining.
Thirty-gallon drums made from carbon steel, plastic, or stainless steel can have either an open or closed top. Open-top drums can be removed and sealed with bolt rings, rubber gaskets, or various locking mechanisms. Closed-top drums typically feature one or two openings for pouring and venting, which can be sealed with stoppers or bungs. Additional features may include drum covers, recyclable lids, steel domes, safety funnels, poly funnels, and plug and drum openers.
Plastic 30 gallon drums are built to withstand harsh conditions, a wide range of temperatures, and a variety of weights. They are ideal for the storage of food products and pharmaceuticals since they are designed to meet the standards established by the department of transportation and federal food administration, who establish regulations regarding the types of resin that is acceptable for plastic drum manufacturing. The strength and rigidity of plastic makes them easy to handle and saves warehouse space since they are stackable on pallets and can be stored outside without fear of wear or deterioration.
Skolnik Industries manufactures carbon steel and stainless steel drums that comply with UN, DOT, and DOD regulations. Their drums exceed basic regulation requirements in terms of thickness, weight, and strength. Skolnik provides 55-gallon drums for businesses and governmental agencies needing high-quality storage solutions. The company is certified with an ISO 9001:2015 registered management system and holds a Nuclear Quality Assurance - 1 (NQA-1) safety rating.
Rahway Steel Drum Company produces steel, plastic, and fiber drums, available in both open and closed head designs. They offer licensed reconditioning and recycling services for their drums. In addition to their drum and barrel business, Rahway Steel Drum Company manufactures a diverse range of shipping and storage containers.
Greif is a longstanding industrial packaging company that specializes in a broad range of packaging products, including 55 gallon steel drums. Established in the 19th century, Greif began producing barrels in the early 20th century and started manufacturing steel drums in the 1920s. Over the years, the company has expanded its product offerings to include plastic, fiber, steel, and recycled drums, among other packaging and storage solutions.
Specialty Containers is a manufacturer of storage and shipping drums, offering a diverse range of products made from plastic, fiber, carbon steel, and stainless steel. They provide engineering services to custom-design drums for unique applications. Their salvage drums are crafted from high-quality steel, meeting UN design specifications and are typically finished in dark yellow with red lettering. In addition to barrels and drums, Specialty Containers also produces totes, pails, waste bags, and pallet covers and liners.
Berenfield Containers, a subsidiary of Mauser Industrial Packaging, specializes in manufacturing steel and fiber drums. Established in 1914, the company produces a comprehensive range of steel drums in various sizes and types. Berenfield serves industries including chemicals, paints, coatings, lubricants, food, and pharmaceuticals. As a leading manufacturer of rigid packaging materials in North America, Berenfield is renowned for its extensive experience and industry expertise.
The manufacturing process for thirty-gallon drums is similar to that of drums of other sizes. Typically, when referring to thirty-gallon drums, people often imagine blue plastic drums, as this is a common type. However, thirty-gallon drums can also be made from steel and fiber.
Plastic thirty-gallon drums are produced using the blown molten plastic method. The thickness of the drum's walls is a critical factor in production, varying from a few millimeters to several centimeters. Different wall thicknesses are suited to different storage and shipping needs. For instance, thicker walls can handle chemicals, solvents, and hazardous substances, while thinner-walled drums are lighter and easier to manage.
Metal 30 gallon barrels or drums are formed using the rolled steel method and harden by forceful reforming. As with 55 gallon metal drums, they can be open and closed where their lids can be similar to the structural material or made from metal, tin, plastic, or paper. As with 55 gallon drums, they can be strengthened with straps and supports for ease of handling and stacking.
Fiber 30 gallon drums are made on an assembly line and have metal supports to increase their sturdiness. They come in a wide variety of sizes to fit special applications.
Barrel and drum manufacturers offer a number of different materials and configurations enabling them to work with customers to find the best fit for a customer’s needs. Common materials are different forms of steel, plastics and thick paperboard. Producers specialize in one type of material for producing their products since attempting to manufacture all forms can be expensive. Suppliers and distributors can carry one or two types of material or offer a selection from every category.
Steel barrels/drums are made from carbon or stainless steel. Regardless of the type of steel, it is cold rolled at room temperature to harden and shape it. Carbon steel barrels are made for handling wastewater, chemicals, petroleum, and medical products. Stainless steel drums comply with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines for sanitation and health requirements for the storage of food products, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and hazardous materials.
Plastic drums are made from a variety of plastic materials that include high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene, nylon, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which are all capable of corrosion resistance and high durability. They are shaped using the blow method where molten plastic is blown into a mold in the shape of the final product.
Fiber drums, or cardboard drums, are a low-cost alternative to steel or plastic drums, recyclable, and safe and sanitary. The flexibility of cardboard allows manufacturers to produce fiber drums in several sizes, shapes, diameters, heights, and weight. For reinforcement and heavy duty uses, metal rings can be added at the top and bottom or metal covers. There are government regulations regarding the manufacture of fiber drums that stipulate government and international standards.
Fiber drums, made from lightweight and easy-to-handle cardboard, offer advantages in reducing shipping costs and providing convenient storage for various products. Despite the appearance of cardboard as flimsy, fiber drums are surprisingly durable and can withstand the rigors of shipping. However, they are not suitable for outdoor storage due to their susceptibility to weather conditions. Fiber drums can also be customized to meet specific design requirements from customers.
Drum manufacturers have a variety of types to fit an assortment of conditions. All forms of drums come with either open removable or hinged tops or closed tops with one or two openings. All drums can be produced with reinforcing rings, belts, or chimes, bung holes, clamps, and various types of coatings. Though 30 and 55 gallon drums are most common, drums come in sizes ranging from 15 gallons to 55 gallons.
Every form of drum has specifications and restrictions regarding its usage. National and international governments and organizations have regulations regarding drum specifications. The more serious and hazardous the contents, the greater the number of requirements. Manufacturers supply literature and documentation that delineates how their products may be used and their compliance with international and federal regulations. A careful study of the available information can serve as a guide when purchasing storage and shipping drums.
Industrial drums are the oldest form of shipping and storage containers. As with all types of drums, industrial drums can be open or closed. Steel, plastic, and fiber or cardboard are typically used with steel and plastic being the most common for industrial use. The choice of material depends on the industry and the product to be stored. The size used the most for over a hundred years is the traditional 55 gallon drum.
Drums serve a crucial role in industrial applications but are also commonly found in retail stores, on farms, and in recycling and trash collection. Their versatility and range of uses continue to expand. Originally designed for shipping crude oil, drums have evolved into indispensable tools across various industries.
Producers of solvents, chemicals, powdered goods, and lubricants depend on heavy plastic drums to ship their products since plastic has a tight seamless seal. The closed type of plastic drum keeps liquids isolated and prevents spillage. Computerized loading releases the exact amount to fill the container to avoid waste.
The pharmaceutical industry uses several types of barrels, which provide precise and accurate amounts of chemicals. Since much of what is produced by the pharmaceutical industry involves controlled substances, an exact accounting of substances is crucial.
Drums are vital across a wide range of industries, including farming, construction, military, and research. They are essential for storing and transporting various materials such as liquids, powders, granular substances, and seeds. Warehouse managers often rely on drums or barrels as their primary choice for these purposes due to their effectiveness and versatility.
Drum reconditioning is an essential and necessary industry that reprocesses and sanitizes discarded storage drums to make them useful. The random disposal of storage drums can create several environmental hazards especially when the drums have been used for chemical and toxic materials. Removing discarded drums from landfills, dumps, and long term storage sites benefits the environment and repurposes them for a useful function.
The reconditioning process requires several steps, which include cleaning, restoring, testing, and certification to meet industry standards. Each of the different materials to produce drums has a set of cleaning and refurbishing requirements, which have to be followed precisely to avoid contamination and provide safety.
When deciding to purchase used steel drums, it's crucial to understand the difference between reconditioned and simply used drums. Used steel drums are often sold at low prices but may still contain remnants of their original contents, which can be hazardous. On the other hand, reconditioned steel drums undergo a thorough process of cleaning, sanitizing, reshaping, and repairing to ensure that all chemicals and residues from previous contents are removed. Reconditioned drums are safer and more reliable for reuse compared to standard used drums.
The two methods for reconditioning steel drums are thermal cleaning and aquatic cleaning. Thermal cleaning is a heat treatment used on drums that once contained thick substances such as paints, resins, tar, and adhesives. The process of thermal cleaning involves running the drums through a furnace at temperatures near 1200°F (649°C) to burn off any residual materials that may be clinging to the walls of the drums. To comply with environmental regulations and air pollution standards, the exhaust from the burning process passes through an after burner at 1800°F (982°C) to prevent any toxins from escaping into the atmosphere.
After the thermal cleaning process, hot drums are promptly moved to the next stage where they are straightened, chimed, and any dents are removed to restore their original roundness and structural integrity. Following reshaping, the drums undergo shot blasting to remove ash from the thermal cleaning and any exterior paint. Once cooled, the drums are painted and coated. Finally, reconditioned drums are thoroughly inspected, tested, and examined to ensure they meet DOT and UN regulations.
Used drums that were used for storing and shipping oils, soaps, solvents, cleaners, and other liquids are pressure washed in an aquatic or washing process using alkaline solutions and steam. After rinsing and drying, they are subjected to the straightening process, chimed, and have their dents removed. As with the thermal process, the drums are shot blasted to remove any residue and paint. After shot blasting, they are coated, painted, and inspected for compliance with DOT and UN regulations.
Poly or plastic drums are commonly used for storing acids, chemicals, and cleaning products. The cleaning process involves submerging the drums in a high-pressure alkaline solution to thoroughly clean both the exterior and interior. After cleaning, the drums are tested for contaminants, assessed for strength, and reshaped as needed to ensure they meet quality standards.
Since fiber drums are used to store cleaning products, various powders, metal parts, and food products, they need to be inspected for the viability of refurbishing them. Once approved, reconditioning includes removing all labels and cleaning the interior using forced air, high pressure steam, or alkaline. After being cleaned, their parts are reattached, and they are reshaped to their original appearance.
Throughout the history of shipping and receiving, drums or barrels have played and do play a vital role in the movement of products. From their beginning as an answer to a problem, they have developed into an essential piece of modern day commerce. It is highly doubtful that they will be replaced anytime soon.
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