The contents of this article is everything you need to know about lab benches and their use.
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A lab bench is a specialized table designed to facilitate laboratory experiments and tasks, including the handling of reagents and test samples. The design process for lab benches incorporates finishes that resist corrosion and vibrations, which can adversely affect experiments and tests.
Lab benches are often the central component of a research laboratory, being the largest, heaviest, and most critical element in experimental, R&D, and scientific settings. They provide a sturdy, even, non-porous surface and come equipped with connections and various accessories to support the efficient execution of essential tasks.
The term "lab bench" refers to benches that are specifically designed to meet the requirements of various laboratory and experimental settings. The type of lab bench installed is primarily determined by the nature of the work being conducted. The initial distinction is between wet and dry lab benches, which influence the required accessories. Dry lab benches typically feature extensive surface areas, electrical connections, and storage spaces both above and below the work surface. In contrast, wet lab benches are designed for liquid handling, with features such as racks for containers, sinks for waste drainage, and more limited surface space.
Each piece of furniture, component, and equipment in a lab environment is meticulously selected to meet the specific needs of the lab's activities. The process starts with choosing the lab bench, which is selected based on the type of work to be performed. The essential aspect of a lab bench is its surface, which can be designed for either wet or dry procedures.
Lab benches are central to laboratory work, except in cases where experiments require special environments for large equipment or fumes, or cannot be performed on a horizontal surface. While they may appear to be simple flat tables, lab benches are equipped with specialized accessories that support a range of tasks, which would be impractical or damaging on standard workbenches.
Lab benches can be classified using three methods: function, structure, and purpose. Each classification is further divided into subcategories that detail specific aspects of the classification.
Functional classifications are based on the type of lab work a bench supports and include:
Physical lab benches are designed for experiments involving electronics, electrical devices, and other dry processes. Chemical lab benches, on the other hand, cater to a broad range of experiments, including both organic and inorganic chemical studies. These benches can be either dry or wet, depending on the nature of the chemical reactions involved. There can be overlap between biological and chemical lab benches, as many biological lab benches also include features like sinks, container organizers, and incubation equipment.
Classifying lab benches by structure can be challenging due to the variety of unique, specialized, and unconventional designs tailored for highly technical tasks. Generally, lab benches are classified based on their mobility and placement, including:
Floor-mounted lab benches feature a base, a countertop made from various materials, racks, electrical connectors, and a range of accessories tailored to their specific function. Suspended lab benches, like their floor-mounted counterparts, are fixed in place and include a hanging support frame, suspended cabinets, countertops of different materials, racks, electrical connections, and accessories. In contrast, mobile lab benches are equipped with rollers or castors for easy repositioning. They include a support frame and a cabinet mounted on wheels, along with all the features found in suspended and floor-mounted benches.
Organizing lab workbenches by purpose can be challenging due to the diverse range of custom designs engineered for specific tasks. For example, some lab benches are specifically designed for use in cleanrooms. Generally, lab benches can be categorized by their intended purposes, which include:
The primary types of lab benches include island lab benches and sink lab benches. Island lab benches are typically larger to accommodate multiple staff members, while sink lab benches are equipped with plumbing and a sink for handling liquids.
Lab benches are also categorized based on the materials used in their construction, such as steel, steel-wood combinations, aluminum-wood combinations, and wood. Additionally, there are differences in production methods, with common processes being European and American.
A critical feature of lab benches is the surface countertop, which is carefully selected based on the types of testing and processes to be conducted. Countertops are categorized by their function: physical, chemical, and biological.
While there are common materials used for lab bench countertops, the range is extensive, including custom-fabricated materials designed for specific purposes. Key characteristics of countertops include high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and a firm, non-porous surface.
Traditional lab benches are designed for general laboratory use, featuring robust support structures that can handle heavy loads. Their countertops vary depending on the type of work performed. These benches are versatile and suitable for most laboratory environments, except those requiring sinks or dealing with caustic chemicals, as they lack built-in drainage.
Among lab bench types, traditional models are typically the most affordable since they are not tailored for specific tasks. They can be either mobile or fixed, with countertop widths ranging from 36 inches to 96 inches (91 cm to 243 cm). Their general-purpose design allows them to be easily moved, with or without wheels.
Despite their broad applicability, traditional lab benches are highly reliable and constructed to high standards. They are capable of performing a range of laboratory functions and may resemble tables, allowing access from both sides for convenient material handling and adjustment.
Despite the vast range of laboratory workbench designs and types, certain conditions, experiments, and applications necessitate custom-designed workbenches. Custom lab workbenches are increasingly common as many traditional models are suited only for conventional lab tasks that have been standard in scientific research for years.
Every detail of a custom lab workbench is scrutinized and tailored during its development. Modifications may address specific experiments, the physical requirements of scientists, cultural considerations, and the work environment. Key areas for adjustment include worktop layout, mobility, frame type, height adjustment options, ESD laminate variations, counter surface materials, frame strength, and construction materials. Every detail is meticulously examined to ensure the final design meets all experimental or application needs.
While a flat surface for experiments may seem simple, the quality of equipment and the design of work surfaces significantly impact the accuracy and outcomes of studies. Inappropriate or poorly constructed workbenches can adversely affect research results.
Manufacturers of custom lab workbenches collaborate closely with clients to ensure that the final product is safe and aligns with the required activities. This close partnership is crucial due to the specialized nature of the work being performed.
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) occurs when electricity moves through different conductors before discharging onto another object. Uncontrolled ESD can impact experimental results, contaminate cleanrooms, and ignite flammable materials. ESD lab benches are specialized to address these issues in laboratories handling precision electronics. They are designed to prevent damage to experiments and electronic equipment by mitigating the risks associated with static discharges.
While most lab benches are designed to handle chemicals and contaminants, ESD lab benches offer enhanced protection. They are constructed using ESD laminate materials with embedded carbon layers to dissipate static discharges, capable of managing up to 100,000 ohms. To support an ESD countertop, the frame of an ESD lab bench is made from steel supports connected by grounded bolts, ensuring comprehensive static protection.
Mobile lab benches offer the benefit of being able to be repositioned in various locations for convenience with the extra benefit of carrying heavy pieces of equipment for relocation and positioning. Most mobile lab benches are capable of supporting loads close to 600 lbs. (272 kg). The advantages of mobile lab benches include lower cost, easy installation, and the ability to upgrade or change features of the workbench without having to dismantle a laboratory.
As laboratory activities continuously evolve to meet new conditions and requirements, mobile lab benches provide the flexibility to redesign, reconfigure, and rearrange a lab space to accommodate various needs. The choice of a mobile lab bench is influenced by the types of materials being tested, which in turn determines the appropriate countertop for the bench.
Most mobile lab benches offer the same amenities as permanent lab benches, including drawers, electrical connections, cabinets, and shelving. However, they typically lack plumbing capabilities and do not include sinks. Mobile lab benches are versatile and can be used in various environments, making them a common feature in cleanrooms.
Some laboratories have limited space and require economical lab benches that take up minimal floor space while providing the same performance as mobile or heavy-based lab benches. Wall-mounted or suspended lab benches offer an open central area in the lab, freeing up space for equipment used in experiments.
Similar to mobile lab benches, wall-mounted lab benches are adaptable and can be configured for various tasks. Wall mounting allows for flexible arrangements to meet specific needs related to height, weight, and countertop requirements. Their modular design enables the swapping of components, changing counters, and adding shelving and cabinets as needed.
A common feature of wall-mounted lab benches is the inclusion of sinks, as they can be positioned near plumbing. These benches often have accessories typical of wet labs, including drying racks mounted above countertop sinks, which usually require ceramic or stainless steel countertops.
Dry lab benches are specifically designed for environments where the focus is on computer-generated experiments or mathematical analysis. Their primary purpose is to offer easily accessible electrical outlets and smooth, even surfaces for placing electronic equipment. The design of a dry lab bench typically includes cupboards, cabinets, shelving, electrical outlets, supports for computer monitors, and various storage areas. The key equipment in a dry lab includes sensitive devices capable of performing precise calculations.
The requirements and restrictions for dry lab benches are less stringent compared to those for wet lab benches. Countertops in dry labs can be made from a variety of materials suitable for supporting technical equipment, including wood, various types of plastics, and epoxy. These materials provide the necessary durability and finish for handling the loads from technical equipment.
The specifications for wet lab benches are more stringent and regulated compared to those for dry lab benches due to the nature of the work performed. While dry lab benches are designed for computations and calculations, wet lab benches support the development of drugs, chemicals, and biological materials. Such experiments require enhanced control to protect both the tasks and the workers. Often, a laboratory may utilize both dry and wet lab environments, with one designated for modeling experiments and the other for conducting them.
Wet lab benches are essential for working with liquids, chemicals, and other substances, providing a controlled environment equipped with plumbing and sinks for waste drainage. These benches are designed with exceptionally sturdy countertops that can be easily cleaned. Sinks in a wet lab can be positioned along the wall or centrally within the lab, depending on the layout.
Most wet lab components are fixed in place, with wall-mounted and mobile lab benches serving as peripheral workstations. The central area of a wet lab is typically dedicated to permanently installed countertops, designed to handle the rigorous demands of liquid and chemical handling.
Ergonomic lab benches are designed to meet the growing concern regarding the strain placed on worker legs, backs, and arms. When a workstation is placed at a height that does not meet the needs of a worker, the consequences can be a series of muscular injuries that lead to reduced productivity and poor worker performance. In response to this problem, lab bench manufacturers have developed a class of lab workbenches that can be adjusted manually or electronically to meet the height requirements of a worker. The efforts of lab bench manufacturers have led to improved worker performance and less time off due to injuries.
The design of ergonomic lab benches ensures a stable work surface that can be tailored to the needs of lab workers. Adjustments include not only height but also the depth and width of the work surface, enhancing comfort and efficiency for various tasks. The optimal height of the work surface depends on factors such as the size and weight of the part being handled, the precision required, the type of assembly process, and whether repetitive actions are involved.
After extensive research, lab bench manufacturers have identified several benefits of ergonomic lab benches, including:
Injury Prevention: Ergonomic lab benches help protect professionals who may work at tasks for extended periods, reducing the risk of strain and injury.
Comfort: With adjustable features, ergonomic lab benches enhance worker comfort and significantly decrease fatigue, making prolonged tasks more manageable.
Cost: While the initial investment in ergonomic lab benches may be higher, the long-term savings come from reduced fatigue and fewer injuries, offsetting the higher upfront costs.
Adaptability: These benches are highly adjustable and configurable, allowing them to meet the diverse needs of various laboratory tasks, which contributes to their widespread use.
Lab tables serve as versatile work surfaces in a laboratory setting, designed to support various functions and tasks. Unlike lab benches, lab tables offer greater flexibility and are used for holding equipment and conducting experiments. In dry labs, the resilience of the table is less critical compared to wet labs, where durability and resistance to liquids are paramount.
When selecting a lab table, factors such as its intended use and the features of its surface are crucial. Lab tables are equipped with components tailored to their specific functions, similar to those found in lab benches. These tables often come with built-in features that cater to various experimental needs:
Vibration isolation tables are designed to shield sensitive equipment and devices from external vibrations that can impact testing and experimentation. Such vibrations may originate from sources like industrial machinery, traffic, or nearby construction. To mitigate these effects, these tables feature air isolation systems in their legs, which offer passive vibration control across frequencies from 1Hz to 10Hz. The tabletop is suspended on air or nitrogen at a regulated pressure of 80 psi to ensure stability.
These tables are equipped with casters for easy relocation and feature ergonomic height adjustments for user comfort. Leveling control valves maintain the table's evenness, and when in use, the casters are retracted to secure the table firmly on the floor.
Typical accessories for vibration isolation tables include stands for keyboards and monitors, shelving units both above and below the table, armrests, and integrated power strips.
Lab benches are crucial components in any laboratory, providing the necessary support for various tasks. The requirements for lab benches can differ significantly between dry and wet labs, with wet labs often having more rigorous specifications. The choice of materials used in constructing lab benches is a fundamental aspect of their design and functionality.
Two main factors to consider when constructing a lab bench are the countertop material and the frame or base. The type of countertop material distinguishes one lab bench from another, while the frame or base determines the bench's load-bearing capacity. As the strength and durability of the materials used in the frame and countertop increase, so do the capabilities of the lab bench.
When selecting a lab bench, the material used for the countertop is a primary consideration. The countertop is the main work surface, and it must be non-porous to protect equipment and ensure stability. Countertops are typically made from resilient materials that are easy to clean and disinfect.
Epoxy resin is created from a reaction between two polymers, resulting in a tough, solid surface. It is favored for lab bench countertops due to its durability and aesthetic qualities. Epoxy resin surfaces are resistant to chemicals, UV light, impacts, and shocks, making them suitable for wet lab environments. The durability and resistance of epoxy resin contribute to its longevity and robustness.
The visual appeal of epoxy resin countertops comes from their high gloss finish, which enhances light reflection and simplifies cleaning. Properly applied, epoxy resin creates a seamless, smooth, and sleek surface that effectively seals any pores.
Phenolic resins are synthetic polymers formed from phenol and formaldehyde reactions. These resins are used for lab countertops and are comparable to epoxy resin but generally offer less durability, making them suitable for lighter tasks. Phenolic resin countertops provide a smooth, seamless finish and are resistant to chemicals, bacteria, and fungi.
While epoxy resin is often preferred, phenolic resin can serve as a cost-effective alternative, offering about 90% of the properties of epoxy resin at a lower price. Epoxy resin typically costs between $100 and $200 per square foot, whereas phenolic resin ranges from $15 to $18 per square foot. Phenolic resin is commonly used in labs where contamination control is critical.
Phenolic resin countertops are made by impregnating kraft paper with phenolic resin and then heating the mixture to produce a strong, lightweight material. This material is resistant to bacteria, chemicals, and moisture, as well as to corrosion and temperatures up to 350°F (177°C).
Stainless steel is renowned for its robustness, resistance to corrosion and rust, and exceptional longevity, making it a popular choice for lab workbench countertops. The material's inherent strength and durability are key factors in its selection for demanding laboratory environments. Among countertop options, stainless steel stands out for its ease of maintenance and enduring quality. Its oxide layer acts as a protective barrier, safeguarding against scratches, chips, and impact damage. This makes stainless steel particularly suited for high-stress applications.
Featuring an exceptionally smooth surface, stainless steel countertops can endure temperatures up to 1400°F (760°C). They are built to last and typically do not require replacement. Stainless steel retains its strong, smooth, and resilient finish across various environmental conditions. However, the primary disadvantage is its cost, which ranges from $80 to $225 per square foot, making it more expensive than most other materials, except for ceramic countertops, which are even pricier.
Polypropylene countertops offer notable advantages such as being lightweight and highly resistant to acids, bases, and solvents, making them suitable for handling aggressive chemicals like hydrofluoric acid. These lab benches are stain-resistant and are constructed from sheets ranging from half an inch to one inch thick, which are thermally welded to ensure a secure, durable bond. While white is the most commonly used color for polypropylene lab benches due to its aesthetic appeal, black and natural hues are also available.
This rigid plastic, derived from the polymerization of propylene monomer, is favored in laboratory settings for its resistance to corrosion, chemicals, and moisture. Polypropylene's flexibility and toughness help it resist cracking and stress, with a melting point of 327°F (164°C). Additionally, polypropylene is recyclable at the end of its life cycle, contributing to its environmental sustainability.
ESD work surfaces are one of the best types of work surfaces if there is a concern about static interference in the performance of a laboratory experiment or procedure. It is caused by friction that can be dissipated using an ESD laminate work surface. Electrostatic discharge happens when objects rub together and give off electrons, which causes one object to become positively charged while the other is negatively charged. The result of the interaction is an imbalance that causes charges to build up on the surface of the charged object.
Accumulated static charges can adversely affect measurements, such as material weights, cleanroom specifications, and safety standards. To manage and dissipate these charges, lab bench countertops are equipped with ESD laminate, which consists of high-pressure laminate layered with carbon to effectively control electrostatic discharge.
In industrial environments, electrostatic discharge poses significant risks, including the potential ignition of flammable chemicals, malfunctions in sensitive equipment, and attraction of contaminants. Since electrostatic discharge is imperceptible until damage occurs, ESD countertops are essential. These surfaces are designed to establish a zero potential ground, ensuring that static electricity is safely channeled away from the work area. The ESD laminate provides a conductive, ESD-safe barrier that directs and mitigates static charges, protecting both the equipment and the experiments being conducted.
Laminate countertops are constructed from multiple layers of paper impregnated with phenolic resin. These layers are fused to the lab bench surface through a thermosetting process that utilizes both heat and pressure to create a durable, permanent bond. This construction results in a surface that is highly resistant to fire, abrasion, and tearing. Like phenolic resin, laminate countertops are a cost-effective option, providing good performance at a lower price point.
However, high-pressure laminate countertops are not ideal for wet lab environments due to their susceptibility to damage from acids. Concentrated acids, such as hydrochloric, nitric, and sulfuric acids, can cause irreversible harm to the laminate, making it unsuitable for applications where such chemicals are frequently used.
Ceramic lab bench countertops are viewed as the supreme form of countertop due to their many benefits. They are more expensive than stainless steel and just as long lasting as stainless steel. Ceramic countertops are made of a combination of kaolin, clay, porcelain stone, porcelain clay, lime glaze, and lime alkali glaze. Lab benches made with ceramic countertops are valued for their resistance to temperatures that can reach 2732°F (1500°C), which far exceeds the strength of any of the other high quality lab benches.
Ceramic lab benches are renowned for their exceptional durability, making them well-suited for environments where exposure to acids and alkalis is common. Ceramic countertops are impervious to all types of acids and alkalis, offering robust protection in such settings. Additional benefits of ceramic countertops include resistance to scratching, antibacterial properties, high hardness, impact resistance, immunity to pollution, anti-aging characteristics, non-flammability, and resilience against radiation.
The countertop is a fundamental component of a lab bench, providing the essential surface for conducting laboratory tasks. Equally important are the supports that uphold the countertop and bear the weight placed on it, known as the lab bench frame. There are several common frame types used in lab benches, including L-frame, P-frame, A-frame, U-frame, C-frame, cantilever, suspended, and H-frame. Each frame type influences the load-bearing capacity of the lab bench. The overall strength and durability of the frame depend significantly on the quality of the welds used in the frame's construction.
| Lab Bench Frame Types | |
|---|---|
| Frame Type | Description |
| C-Frame | A supporting floor-based leg assembly designed in a C-shape to support a surface. It provides a modern appearance and helps maximize storage space. |
| H-Frame | A floor-based frame system, shaped in the form of H. It's a classic frame system suited for mounting heavy bench equipment. |
| L-Frame | A supporting floor-based leg assembly shaped in a L-shape. It is commonly used for corners. |
| P-Frame | A system consisting of an enclosed utility chase supported by p-shaped support legs. The p-shaped support legs are either fixed in height or height adjustable through a telescoping inner leg member. |
| A-Frame | An A-frame support for a lab bench is similar to the H-frame. It has two supports of similar length at an angle of 45° or less. |
| U-Frame | U-frame supports have the shape of the letter U with the base of the support being the bottom of the U with the sides of the U shape being the legs that are attached to the bottom of the work surface. |
| Cantilever Frame | A bracket or frame supporting a surface tied to a support structure. It provides a modern, minimalistic appearance, and frees up the floor space. |
| Suspended Frame | Typically referring to casework and laboratory furniture accessories suspended from a frame and/or rail system. They are well-suited for laboratories requiring high levels of hygiene, as the area underneath can be cleaned easily. |
The C-frame is known for its exceptional sturdiness, featuring square or rectangular tubes configured to form a shape resembling the letter C when viewed from the side. The frame's legs span the width of the work surface, while the vertical back of the C provides the primary support and height of the lab bench.
When storage modules are incorporated into a C-frame, they are suspended from the top leg of the C. This design facilitates easy cleaning beneath the lab bench. Additionally, most C-frame setups allow for flexible rearrangement and adjustment of modules to meet the specific needs of the lab bench user.
The H-type frame is designed to offer robust stability for mobile lab benches and analytical workstations. This frame can support up to 1100 lbs. (500 kg) and is particularly suited for holding precision instruments. Its legs are firmly anchored to the floor, with the load capacity largely influenced by the materials used in their construction. The structure includes a crossbar that spans between the legs, creating the H shape, and is positioned at various heights along the legs to support the work surface.
A cantilever frame lab bench features H-type legs that are anchored to a wall. Two horizontal arms extend from the top of these legs, supporting the work surface. This design is ideal for tasks involving electronics or computer work, offering a clean, accessible workspace. However, it is not designed for heavy equipment. The height of the work surface is adjustable, allowing for stools or chairs to be positioned underneath when the bench is not in use.
A suspended lab bench frame is affixed to the walls of a laboratory via rails or supports. This type of frame is commonly used in wall-mounted lab benches, particularly in spaces with limited floor area. The rails feature notches for attaching various components such as shelving, work surfaces, cabinets, and cupboards. While suspended frames typically have a lower load-bearing capacity, they offer exceptional ease of access and flexibility in configuration.
The frame of U-type frame lab bench supports is formed by twisting a single length of galvanized steel into the shape of the letter U. The horizontal and vertical sections are one solid piece of 2 mm (0.08 in) thick steel that is bent at a 90° angle at two parts of the tubing. The resulting shape has superior strength, weight bearing capabilities, and a firm solid base. To support the countertop, a small portion of the top of each leg of the U is further twisted 90°. Holes are drilled in the twisted part at the top of the legs to attach the countertop. Depending on the requirements for the lab bench, a cross bar may be added at the back of the U shapes to connect the set of supports. If mobility is required for the lab bench, casters can be added at the bottom, corners of the U-shaped supports.
Lab bench accessories allow for customization of various bench types, regardless of their frame or countertop materials. These accessories cater to the specific requirements of different industries and types of work. A key accessory is computer support, which can accommodate laptops or PCs and may include monitor arms for extended screens.
LED Lighting – LED lighting is commonly integrated into permanent lab benches to enhance visibility on the work surface.
Monitor Arms – Monitor arms come in various lengths and sizes to support different screen configurations. They are frequently included with lab benches or can be added as needed.
Keyboard Tray – Keyboard trays are often attached to monitor arms or stand-alone mounts. For laptops, trays may be designed to fit the laptop’s form and can include features such as wireless connectivity to monitors.
Power Manifold or Power Strip – Power manifolds are essential for providing electrical outlets and data ports on lab benches, including mobile versions. They improve workspace efficiency by centralizing power and connectivity.
Shelves – Shelves are commonly added to lab benches based on the specific needs of the work being conducted. The bench’s design will determine whether shelves can be included.
Cupboards – Storage cupboards may be part of the lab bench design or added separately, depending on the bench’s structure and storage needs.
Storage Cubbies – For laboratories dealing with electronics or delicate components, small organizational cubbies or bins help manage various parts and connectors. These are useful for maintaining organization and protecting sensitive items.
Fume Hood – In labs handling hazardous chemicals, fume hoods provide a controlled environment to manage fumes and protect users. These enclosed systems, which include ducting and filtration, are essential for cleanrooms and specific wet labs to safely handle and exhaust harmful substances.
This list of accessories represents just a fraction of the options available to enhance lab benches, underscoring the need for a diverse range of features to support various research and testing activities effectively.
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